The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" [rontgen.jpg] Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany Munich University Munich, Germany b. 1845 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 Presentation Speech Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" [lorentz.jpg] [zeeman.jpg] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands Leiden University Leiden, the Netherlands Amsterdam University Amsterdam, the Netherlands b. 1853 d. 1928 b. 1865 d. 1943 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 Presentation Speech Hendrik A. Lorentz Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Pieter Zeeman Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" [becquerel.jpg] [pierre-curie.jpg] [marie-curie.jpg] Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie, née Sklodowska [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize France France France École Polytechnique Paris, France École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry) Paris, France b. 1852 d. 1908 b. 1859 d. 1906 b. 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland) d. 1934 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Presentation Speech Henri Becquerel Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources Pierre Curie Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Article Marie Curie Biography Swedish Nobel Stamps Article Other Resources Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" [strutt.jpg] Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) United Kingdom Royal Institution of Great Britain London, United Kingdom b. 1842 d. 1919 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 Presentation Speech Lord Rayleigh Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 "for his work on cathode rays" [lenard.jpg] Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany Kiel University Kiel, Germany b. 1862 (in Pressburg, then Austria-Hungary) d. 1947 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 Presentation Speech Philipp Lenard Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" [thomson.jpg] Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1856 d. 1940 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 Presentation Speech J. J. Thomson Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" [michelson.jpg] Albert Abraham Michelson USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA b. 1852 (in Strelno, then Germany) d. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 Presentation Speech Albert A. Michelson Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" [lippmann.jpg] Gabriel Lippmann France Sorbonne University Paris, France b. 1845 (in Hollerich, Luxembourg) d. 1921 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 Presentation Speech Gabriel Lippmann Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" [marconi.jpg] [braun.jpg] Guglielmo Marconi Karl Ferdinand Braun [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Italy Germany Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd. London, United Kingdom Strasbourg University Strasbourg, Alsace, then Germany b. 1874 d. 1937 b. 1850 d. 1918 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 Presentation Speech Guglielmo Marconi Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources Ferdinand Braun Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" [waals.jpg] Johannes Diderik van der Waals the Netherlands Amsterdam University Amsterdam, the Netherlands b. 1837 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 Presentation Speech Johannes Diderik van der Waals Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" [wien.jpg] Wilhelm Wien Germany Würzburg University Würzburg, Germany b. 1864 d. 1928 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 Presentation Speech Wilhelm Wien Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys" [dalen.jpg] Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co. Lidingö-Stockholm, Sweden b. 1869 d. 1937 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 Presentation Speech Gustaf Dalén Biography Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" [onnes.jpg] Heike Kamerlingh Onnes the Netherlands Leiden University Leiden, the Netherlands b. 1853 d. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 Presentation Speech Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals" [laue.jpg] Max von Laue Germany Frankfurt-on-the-Main University Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany b. 1879 d. 1960 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 Presentation Speech Max von Laue Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" [wh-bragg.jpg] [wl-bragg.jpg] Sir William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom United Kingdom London University London, United Kingdom Victoria University Manchester, United Kingdom b. 1862 d. 1942 b. 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia) d. 1971 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 Presentation Speech William Bragg Biography Swedish Nobel Stamps Lawrence Bragg Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements" [barkla.jpg] Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom Edinburgh University Edinburgh, United Kingdom b. 1877 d. 1944 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 Presentation Speech Charles Glover Barkla Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta" [planck.jpg] Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck Germany Berlin University Berlin, Germany b. 1858 d. 1947 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 Presentation Speech Max Planck Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" [stark.jpg] Johannes Stark Germany Greifswald University Greifswald, Germany b. 1874 d. 1957 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 Presentation Speech Johannes Stark Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" [guillaume.jpg] Charles Edouard Guillaume Switzerland Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) Sèvres, France b. 1861 d. 1938 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 Presentation Speech Charles Edouard Guillaume Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" [einstein.jpg] Albert Einstein Germany and Switzerland Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik Berlin, Germany b. 1879 (in Ulm, Germany) d. 1955 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Presentation Speech Albert Einstein Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" [bohr.jpg] Niels Henrik David Bohr Denmark Copenhagen University Copenhagen, Denmark b. 1885 d. 1962 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 Presentation Speech Niels Bohr Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" [millikan.jpg] Robert Andrews Millikan USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1868 d. 1953 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 Presentation Speech Robert A. Millikan Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" [siegbahn.jpg] Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden b. 1886 d. 1978 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 Presentation Speech Manne Siegbahn Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" [franck.jpg] [hertz.jpg] James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Germany Germany Goettingen University Goettingen, Germany Halle University Halle, Germany b. 1882 d. 1964 b. 1887 d. 1975 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 Presentation Speech James Franck Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Gustav Hertz Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" [perrin.jpg] Jean Baptiste Perrin France Sorbonne University Paris, France b. 1870 d. 1942 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 Presentation Speech Jean Baptiste Perrin Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 "for his discovery of the effect named after him" "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" [compton.jpg] [wilson.jpg] Arthur Holly Compton Charles Thomson Rees Wilson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA United Kingdom University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1892 d. 1962 b. 1869 (in Glencorse, Scotland) d. 1959 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 Presentation Speech Arthur H. Compton Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources C. T. R. Wilson Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" [richardson.jpg] Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom London University London, United Kingdom b. 1879 d. 1959 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 Presentation Speech Owen Willans Richardson Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" [broglie.jpg] Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré Paris, France b. 1892 d. 1987 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 Presentation Speech Louis de Broglie Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" [raman.jpg] Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India Calcutta University Calcutta, India b. 1888 d. 1970 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Presentation Speech Venkata Raman Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1931 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" [heisenberg.jpg] Werner Karl Heisenberg Germany Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany b. 1901 d. 1976 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 Presentation Speech Werner Heisenberg Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" [schrodinger.jpg] [dirac.jpg] Erwin Schrödinger Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Austria United Kingdom Berlin University Berlin, Germany University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1887 d. 1961 b. 1902 d. 1984 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 Presentation Speech Erwin Schrödinger Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Paul A. M. Dirac Biography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1934 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 "for the discovery of the neutron" [chadwick.jpg] James Chadwick United Kingdom Liverpool University Liverpool, United Kingdom b. 1891 d. 1974 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 Presentation Speech James Chadwick Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" "for his discovery of the positron" [hess.jpg] [anderson.jpg] Victor Franz Hess Carl David Anderson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Austria USA Innsbruck University Innsbruck, Austria California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1883 d. 1964 b. 1905 d. 1991 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 Presentation Speech Victor F. Hess Biography Nobel Lecture Carl D. Anderson Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" [davisson.jpg] [thomson.jpg] Clinton Joseph Davisson George Paget Thomson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA United Kingdom Bell Telephone Laboratories New York, NY, USA London University London, United Kingdom b. 1881 d. 1958 b. 1892 d. 1975 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 Presentation Speech Clinton Davisson Biography Nobel Lecture George Paget Thomson Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" [fermi.jpg] Enrico Fermi Italy Rome University Rome, Italy b. 1901 d. 1954 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 Presentation Speech Enrico Fermi Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" [lawrence.jpg] Ernest Orlando Lawrence USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1901 d. 1958 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 Presentation Speech Ernest Lawrence Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" [stern.jpg] Otto Stern USA Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh, PA, USA b. 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany) d. 1969 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 Presentation Speech Otto Stern Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" [rabi.jpg] Isidor Isaac Rabi USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1898 (in Rymanow, then Austria-Hungary) d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 Presentation Speech Isidor Isaac Rabi Biography [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" [pauli.jpg] Wolfgang Pauli Austria Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1900 d. 1958 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 Presentation Speech Wolfgang Pauli Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics" [bridgman.jpg] Percy Williams Bridgman USA Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1882 d. 1961 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 Presentation Speech Percy W. Bridgman Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" [appleton.jpg] Sir Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom Department of Scientific and Industrial Research London, United Kingdom b. 1892 d. 1965 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 Presentation Speech Edward V. Appleton Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" [blackett.jpg] Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom Victoria University Manchester, United Kingdom b. 1897 d. 1974 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 Presentation Speech Patrick M. S. Blackett Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" [yukawa.jpg] Hideki Yukawa Japan Kyoto Imperial University Kyoto, Japan; Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1907 d. 1981 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 Presentation Speech Hideki Yukawa Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" [powell.jpg] Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom Bristol University Bristol, United Kingdom b. 1903 d. 1969 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 Presentation Speech Cecil Powell Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" [cockcroft.jpg] [walton.jpg] Sir John Douglas Cockcroft Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom Ireland Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell, Berkshire, United Kingdom Trinity College Dublin, Ireland b. 1897 d. 1967 b. 1903 d. 1995 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 Presentation Speech John Cockcroft Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Ernest T. S. Walton Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" [bloch.jpg] [purcell.jpg] Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1905 (in Zurich, Switzerland) d. 1983 b. 1912 d. 1997 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 Presentation Speech Felix Bloch Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech E. M. Purcell Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" [zernike.jpg] Frits (Frederik) Zernike the Netherlands Groningen University Groningen, the Netherlands b. 1888 d. 1966 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 Presentation Speech Frits Zernike Biography Nobel Lecture Educational [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" [born.jpg] [bothe.jpg] Max Born Walther Bothe [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom Federal Republic of Germany Edinburgh University Edinburgh, United Kingdom University of Heidelberg; Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1882 (in Breslau, then Germany) d. 1970 b. 1891 d. 1957 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 Presentation Speech Max Born Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Walther Bothe Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" [lamb.jpg] [kusch.jpg] Willis Eugene Lamb Polykarp Kusch [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1913 b. 1911 (in Blankenburg, then Germany) d. 1993 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 Presentation Speech Willis E. Lamb Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Polykarp Kusch Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" [shockley.jpg] [bardeen.jpg] [brattain.jpg] William Bradford Shockley John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA b. 1910 (in London, United Kingdom) d. 1989 b. 1908 d. 1991 b. 1902 d. 1987 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 Presentation Speech Educational/Semiconductors Educational/Transistor William B. Shockley Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources John Bardeen Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 Walter H. Brattain Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" [yang.jpg] [lee.jpg] Chen Ning Yang Tsung-Dao Lee [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize China China Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, NJ, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1922 b. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 Presentation Speech Chen Ning Yang Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Tsung-Dao Lee Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" [cerenkov.jpg] [frank.jpg] [tamm.jpg] Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USSR USSR USSR Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR University of Moscow; Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR University of Moscow; Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR b. 1904 d. 1990 b. 1908 d. 1990 b. 1895 d. 1971 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 Presentation Speech Pavel A. Cherenkov Biography Nobel Lecture Il´ja M. Frank Biography Nobel Lecture Igor Y. Tamm Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton" [segre.jpg] [chamberlain.jpg] Emilio Gino Segrè Owen Chamberlain [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1905 (in Tivoli, Italy) d. 1989 b. 1920 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 Presentation Speech Emilio Segrè Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Owen Chamberlain Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 "for the invention of the bubble chamber" [glaser.jpg] Donald Arthur Glaser USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 Presentation Speech Donald A. Glaser Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons" "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" [hofstadter.jpg] [mossbauer.jpg] Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Technical University Munich, Federal Republic of Germany; California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1915 d. 1990 b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 Presentation Speech Robert Hofstadter Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Rudolf Mössbauer Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" [landau.jpg] Lev Davidovich Landau USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR b. 1908 d. 1968 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 Presentation Speech Lev Landau Biography Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [wigner.jpg] [mayer.jpg] [jensen.jpg] Eugene Paul Wigner Maria Goeppert-Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USA Federal Republic of Germany Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA University of California La Jolla, CA, USA University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1902 (in Budapest, Hungary) d. 1995 b. 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany) d. 1972 b. 1907 d. 1973 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 Presentation Speech Eugene Wigner Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Maria Goeppert-Mayer Biography Nobel Lecture Other Resources J. Hans D. Jensen Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" [townes.jpg] [basov.jpg] [prokhorov.jpg] Charles Hard Townes Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USSR USSR Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk Moscow, USSR Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk Moscow, USSR b. 1915 b. 1922 d. 2001 b. 1916 d. 2002 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 Presentation Speech Charles H. Townes Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Other Resources Nicolay G. Basov Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Aleksandr M. Prokhorov Biography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" [tomonaga.jpg] [schwinger.jpg] [feynman.jpg] Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard P. Feynman [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize Japan USA USA Tokyo University of Education Tokyo, Japan Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1906 d. 1979 b. 1918 d. 1994 b. 1918 d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 Presentation Speech Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Julian Schwinger Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Richard P. Feynman Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" [kastler.jpg] Alfred Kastler France École Normale Supérieure Paris, France b. 1902 d. 1984 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 Presentation Speech Alfred Kastler Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" [bethe.jpg] Hans Albrecht Bethe USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1906 (in Strasbourg, then Germany) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 Presentation Speech Hans Bethe Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" [alvarez.jpg] Luis Walter Alvarez USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1911 d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 Presentation Speech Luis Alvarez Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" [gell-mann.jpg] Murray Gell-Mann USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 Presentation Speech Murray Gell-Mann Biography Banquet Speech Interview Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" [alfven.jpg] [neel.jpg] Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Louis Eugène Félix Néel [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Sweden France Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden University of Grenoble Grenoble, France b. 1908 d. 1995 b. 1904 d. 2000 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 Presentation Speech Hannes Alfvén Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Louis Néel Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 "for his invention and development of the holographic method" [gabor.jpg] Dennis Gabor United Kingdom Imperial College London, United Kingdom b. 1900 (in Budapest, Hungary) d. 1979 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Presentation Speech Dennis Gabor Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" [bardeen.jpg] [cooper.jpg] [schrieffer.jpg] John Bardeen Leon Neil Cooper John Robert Schrieffer [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Brown University Providence, RI, USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA b. 1908 d. 1991 b. 1930 b. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 Press Release Presentation Speech John Bardeen Biography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 Leon N. Cooper Biography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Other Resources Robert Schrieffer Biography Nobel Lecture Nobel Symposia Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" [esaki.jpg] [giaever.jpg] [josephson.jpg] Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian David Josephson [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Japan USA United Kingdom IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY, USA General Electric Company Schenectady, NY, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1925 b. 1929 (in Bergen, Norway) b. 1940 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Press Release Presentation Speech Leo Esaki Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Ivar Giaever Biography Nobel Lecture Brian D. Josephson Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" [ryle.jpg] [hewish.jpg] Sir Martin Ryle Antony Hewish [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1918 d. 1984 b. 1924 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 Press Release Presentation Speech Martin Ryle Autobiography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps Antony Hewish Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" [bohr.jpg] [mottelson.jpg] [rainwater.jpg] Aage Niels Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson Leo James Rainwater [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize Denmark Denmark USA Niels Bohr Institute Copenhagen, Denmark Nordita Copenhagen, Denmark Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1922 b. 1926 (in Chicago, IL, USA) b. 1917 d. 1986 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 Press Release Presentation Speech Aage N. Bohr Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Ben R. Mottelson Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech James Rainwater Autobiography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" [richter.jpg] [ting.jpg] Burton Richter Samuel Chao Chung Ting [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford, CA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1931 b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 Press Release Presentation Speech Burton Richter Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources Samuel C. C. Ting Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [anderson.jpg] [mott.jpg] [vleck.jpg] Philip Warren Anderson Sir Nevill Francis Mott John Hasbrouck van Vleck [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA United Kingdom USA Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1923 b. 1905 d. 1996 b. 1899 d. 1980 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 Press Release Presentation Speech Philip W. Anderson Autobiography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Nobel Symposia Other Resources Sir Nevill F. Mott Biography Nobel Lecture John H. van Vleck Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" [kapitsa.jpg] [penzias.jpg] [wilson.jpg] Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USSR USA USA Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ, USA Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ, USA b. 1894 d. 1984 b. 1933 (in Munich, Germany) b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 Press Release Presentation Speech Pyotr Kapitsa Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Arno Penzias Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps Other Resources Robert Woodrow Wilson Autobiography Nobel Lecture Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" [glashow.jpg] [salam.jpg] [weinberg.jpg] Sheldon Lee Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Pakistan USA Harvard University, Lyman Laboratory Cambridge, MA, USA International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste, Italy; Imperial College London, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1932 b. 1926 d. 1996 b. 1933 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 Press Release Presentation Speech Sheldon Glashow Autobiography Nobel Lecture Abdus Salam Biography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Steven Weinberg Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [cronin.jpg] [fitch.jpg] James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1931 b. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 Press Release Presentation Speech James Cronin Autobiography Nobel Lecture Val Fitch Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" [bloembergen.jpg] [schawlow.jpg] [siegbahn.jpg] Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Leonard Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Sweden Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden b. 1920 (in Dordrecht, the Netherlands) b. 1921 d. 1999 b. 1918 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 Press Release Presentation Speech Nicolaas Bloembergen Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Arthur L. Schawlow Autobiography Nobel Lecture Kai M. Siegbahn Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" [wilson.jpg] Kenneth G. Wilson USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 Press Release Presentation Speech Kenneth G. Wilson Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" [chandrasekhar.jpg] [fowler.jpg] Subramanyan Chandrasekhar William Alfred Fowler [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1910 (in Lahore, India) d. 1995 b. 1911 d. 1995 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 Press Release Presentation Speech Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps William A. Fowler Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Swedish Nobel Stamps [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" [rubbia.jpg] [meer.jpg] Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Italy the Netherlands CERN Geneva, Switzerland CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1934 b. 1925 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 Press Release Presentation Speech Carlo Rubbia Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Simon van der Meer Autobiography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" [klitzing.jpg] Klaus von Klitzing Federal Republic of Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1943 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 Press Release Presentation Speech Klaus von Klitzing Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" [ruska.jpg] [binnig.jpg] [rohrer.jpg] Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland b. 1906 d. 1988 b. 1947 b. 1933 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 Press Release Presentation Speech Ernst Ruska Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Educational Gerd Binnig Autobiography Nobel Lecture Educational Other Resources Heinrich Rohrer Autobiography Nobel Lecture Educational Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" [bednorz.jpg] [muller.jpg] J. Georg Bednorz K. Alexander Müller [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland b. 1950 b. 1927 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 Press Release Presentation Speech J. Georg Bednorz Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources K. Alex Müller Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" [lederman.jpg] [schwartz.jpg] [steinberger.jpg] Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, IL, USA Digital Pathways, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1922 b. 1932 b. 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, Germany) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Leon M. Lederman Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Other Resources Melvin Schwartz Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources Jack Steinberger Autobiography Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" "for the development of the ion trap technique" [ramsey.jpg] [dehmelt.jpg] [paul.jpg] Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USA Federal Republic of Germany Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA University of Bonn Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1915 b. 1922 (in Görlitz, Germany) b. 1913 d. 1993 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Norman F. Ramsey Autobiography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Hans G. Dehmelt Autobiography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Wolfgang Paul Autobiography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" [friedman.jpg] [kendall.jpg] [taylor.jpg] Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall Richard E. Taylor [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA b. 1930 b. 1926 d. 1999 b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Jerome I. Friedman Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources Henry W. Kendall Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources Richard E. Taylor Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" [gennes.jpg] Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France Collège de France Paris, France b. 1932 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Biography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Educational Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" [charpak.jpg] Georges Charpak France École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Paris, France; CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1924 (in Dabrovica, Poland) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Georges Charpak Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [hulse.jpg] [taylor.jpg] Russell A. Hulse Joseph H. Taylor Jr. [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1950 b. 1941 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Russell A. Hulse Autobiography Nobel Lecture Joseph H. Taylor Jr. Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" [brockhouse.jpg] [shull.jpg] Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Canada USA McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1918 b. 1915 d. 2001 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Bertram N. Brockhouse Autobiography Curriculum Vitae Nobel Lecture Other Resources Clifford G. Shull Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" "for the discovery of the tau lepton" "for the detection of the neutrino" [perl.jpg] [reines.jpg] Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA University of California Irvine, CA, USA b. 1927 b. 1918 d. 1998 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Martin L. Perl Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Other Resources Frederick Reines Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" [lee.jpg] [osheroff.jpg] [richardson.jpg] David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1931 b. 1945 b. 1937 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation David M. Lee Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Nobel Symposia Other Resources Douglas D. Osheroff Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources Robert C. Richardson Autobiography Nobel Lecture Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" [chu.jpg] [cohen-tannoudji.jpg] [phillips.jpg] Steven Chu Claude Cohen-Tannoudji William D. Phillips [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA France USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Collège de France; École Normale Supérieure Paris, France National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, USA b. 1948 b. 1933 (in Constantine, Algeria) b. 1948 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Steven Chu Autobiography Nobel Lecture Nobel Diploma Nobel Symposia Prize Award Photo Other Resources Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources William D. Phillips Autobiography Nobel Lecture Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" [laughlin.jpg] [stormer.jpg] [tsui.jpg] Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1950 b. 1949 b. 1939 (in Henan, China) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Robert B. Laughlin Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Horst L. Störmer Autobiography Nobel Lecture Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Daniel C. Tsui Autobiography Nobel Lecture Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" [thooft.jpg] [veltman.jpg] Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands Utrecht University Utrecht, the Netherlands Bilthoven, the Netherlands b. 1946 b. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Gerardus 't Hooft Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Martinus J.G. Veltman Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 "for basic work on information and communication technology" "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" [alferov.jpg] [kroemer.jpg] [kilby.jpg] Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Russia Federal Republic of Germany USA A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute St. Petersburg, Russia University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA Texas Instruments Dallas, TX, USA b. 1930 b. 1928 b. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 Prize Announcement Press Release Advanced Information Information for the Public Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Zhores I. Alferov Autobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Herbert Kroemer Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Jack S. Kilby Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Educational Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" [cornell.jpg] [ketterle.jpg] [wieman.jpg] Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany USA University of Colorado, JILA Boulder, CO, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA University of Colorado, JILA Boulder, CO, USA b. 1961 b. 1957 b. 1951 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 Press Release Advanced Information Information for the Public Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Eric A. Cornell Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Wolfgang Ketterle Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Nobel Symposia Prize Award Photo Other Resources Carl E. Wieman Autobiography Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" [davis.jpg] [koshiba.jpg] [giacconi.jpg] Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Japan USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan Associated Universities Inc. Washington, DC, USA b. 1914 b. 1926 b. 1931 (in Genoa, Italy) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 Press Release Advanced Information Information for the Public Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation Raymond Davis Jr. Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Masatoshi Koshiba Nobel Lecture Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources Riccardo Giacconi Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech Interview Nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" [rontgen.jpg] Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany Munich University Munich, Germany b. 1845 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" [lorentz.jpg] [zeeman.jpg] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands Leiden University Leiden, the Netherlands Amsterdam University Amsterdam, the Netherlands b. 1853 d. 1928 b. 1865 d. 1943 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" [becquerel.jpg] [pierre-curie.jpg] [marie-curie.jpg] Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie, née Sklodowska [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize France France France École Polytechnique Paris, France École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry) Paris, France b. 1852 d. 1908 b. 1859 d. 1906 b. 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland) d. 1934 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" [strutt.jpg] Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) United Kingdom Royal Institution of Great Britain London, United Kingdom b. 1842 d. 1919 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 "for his work on cathode rays" [lenard.jpg] Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany Kiel University Kiel, Germany b. 1862 (in Pressburg, then Austria-Hungary) d. 1947 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" [thomson.jpg] Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1856 d. 1940 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" [michelson.jpg] Albert Abraham Michelson USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA b. 1852 (in Strelno, then Germany) d. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" [lippmann.jpg] Gabriel Lippmann France Sorbonne University Paris, France b. 1845 (in Hollerich, Luxembourg) d. 1921 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" [marconi.jpg] [braun.jpg] Guglielmo Marconi Karl Ferdinand Braun [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Italy Germany Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd. London, United Kingdom Strasbourg University Strasbourg, Alsace, then Germany b. 1874 d. 1937 b. 1850 d. 1918 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" [waals.jpg] Johannes Diderik van der Waals the Netherlands Amsterdam University Amsterdam, the Netherlands b. 1837 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" [wien.jpg] Wilhelm Wien Germany Würzburg University Würzburg, Germany b. 1864 d. 1928 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys" [dalen.jpg] Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co. Lidingö-Stockholm, Sweden b. 1869 d. 1937 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" [onnes.jpg] Heike Kamerlingh Onnes the Netherlands Leiden University Leiden, the Netherlands b. 1853 d. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals" [laue.jpg] Max von Laue Germany Frankfurt-on-the-Main University Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany b. 1879 d. 1960 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" [wh-bragg.jpg] [wl-bragg.jpg] Sir William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom United Kingdom London University London, United Kingdom Victoria University Manchester, United Kingdom b. 1862 d. 1942 b. 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia) d. 1971 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements" [barkla.jpg] Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom Edinburgh University Edinburgh, United Kingdom b. 1877 d. 1944 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta" [planck.jpg] Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck Germany Berlin University Berlin, Germany b. 1858 d. 1947 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" [stark.jpg] Johannes Stark Germany Greifswald University Greifswald, Germany b. 1874 d. 1957 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" [guillaume.jpg] Charles Edouard Guillaume Switzerland Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) Sèvres, France b. 1861 d. 1938 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" [einstein.jpg] Albert Einstein Germany and Switzerland Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik Berlin, Germany b. 1879 (in Ulm, Germany) d. 1955 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" [bohr.jpg] Niels Henrik David Bohr Denmark Copenhagen University Copenhagen, Denmark b. 1885 d. 1962 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" [millikan.jpg] Robert Andrews Millikan USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1868 d. 1953 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" [siegbahn.jpg] Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden b. 1886 d. 1978 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" [franck.jpg] [hertz.jpg] James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Germany Germany Goettingen University Goettingen, Germany Halle University Halle, Germany b. 1882 d. 1964 b. 1887 d. 1975 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" [perrin.jpg] Jean Baptiste Perrin France Sorbonne University Paris, France b. 1870 d. 1942 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 "for his discovery of the effect named after him" "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" [compton.jpg] [wilson.jpg] Arthur Holly Compton Charles Thomson Rees Wilson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA United Kingdom University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1892 d. 1962 b. 1869 (in Glencorse, Scotland) d. 1959 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" [richardson.jpg] Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom London University London, United Kingdom b. 1879 d. 1959 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" [broglie.jpg] Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré Paris, France b. 1892 d. 1987 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" [raman.jpg] Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India Calcutta University Calcutta, India b. 1888 d. 1970 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1931 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" [heisenberg.jpg] Werner Karl Heisenberg Germany Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany b. 1901 d. 1976 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" [schrodinger.jpg] [dirac.jpg] Erwin Schrödinger Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Austria United Kingdom Berlin University Berlin, Germany University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1887 d. 1961 b. 1902 d. 1984 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1934 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 "for the discovery of the neutron" [chadwick.jpg] James Chadwick United Kingdom Liverpool University Liverpool, United Kingdom b. 1891 d. 1974 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" "for his discovery of the positron" [hess.jpg] [anderson.jpg] Victor Franz Hess Carl David Anderson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Austria USA Innsbruck University Innsbruck, Austria California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1883 d. 1964 b. 1905 d. 1991 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" [davisson.jpg] [thomson.jpg] Clinton Joseph Davisson George Paget Thomson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA United Kingdom Bell Telephone Laboratories New York, NY, USA London University London, United Kingdom b. 1881 d. 1958 b. 1892 d. 1975 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" [fermi.jpg] Enrico Fermi Italy Rome University Rome, Italy b. 1901 d. 1954 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" [lawrence.jpg] Ernest Orlando Lawrence USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1901 d. 1958 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" [stern.jpg] Otto Stern USA Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh, PA, USA b. 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany) d. 1969 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" [rabi.jpg] Isidor Isaac Rabi USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1898 (in Rymanow, then Austria-Hungary) d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" [pauli.jpg] Wolfgang Pauli Austria Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1900 d. 1958 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics" [bridgman.jpg] Percy Williams Bridgman USA Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1882 d. 1961 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" [appleton.jpg] Sir Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom Department of Scientific and Industrial Research London, United Kingdom b. 1892 d. 1965 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" [blackett.jpg] Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom Victoria University Manchester, United Kingdom b. 1897 d. 1974 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" [yukawa.jpg] Hideki Yukawa Japan Kyoto Imperial University Kyoto, Japan; Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1907 d. 1981 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" [powell.jpg] Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom Bristol University Bristol, United Kingdom b. 1903 d. 1969 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" [cockcroft.jpg] [walton.jpg] Sir John Douglas Cockcroft Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom Ireland Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell, Berkshire, United Kingdom Trinity College Dublin, Ireland b. 1897 d. 1967 b. 1903 d. 1995 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" [bloch.jpg] [purcell.jpg] Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1905 (in Zurich, Switzerland) d. 1983 b. 1912 d. 1997 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" [zernike.jpg] Frits (Frederik) Zernike the Netherlands Groningen University Groningen, the Netherlands b. 1888 d. 1966 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" [born.jpg] [bothe.jpg] Max Born Walther Bothe [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom Federal Republic of Germany Edinburgh University Edinburgh, United Kingdom University of Heidelberg; Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1882 (in Breslau, then Germany) d. 1970 b. 1891 d. 1957 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" [lamb.jpg] [kusch.jpg] Willis Eugene Lamb Polykarp Kusch [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1913 b. 1911 (in Blankenburg, then Germany) d. 1993 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" [shockley.jpg] [bardeen.jpg] [brattain.jpg] William Bradford Shockley John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA b. 1910 (in London, United Kingdom) d. 1989 b. 1908 d. 1991 b. 1902 d. 1987 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" [yang.jpg] [lee.jpg] Chen Ning Yang Tsung-Dao Lee [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize China China Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, NJ, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1922 b. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" [cerenkov.jpg] [frank.jpg] [tamm.jpg] Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USSR USSR USSR Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR University of Moscow; Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR University of Moscow; Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR b. 1904 d. 1990 b. 1908 d. 1990 b. 1895 d. 1971 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton" [segre.jpg] [chamberlain.jpg] Emilio Gino Segrè Owen Chamberlain [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1905 (in Tivoli, Italy) d. 1989 b. 1920 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 "for the invention of the bubble chamber" [glaser.jpg] Donald Arthur Glaser USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons" "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" [hofstadter.jpg] [mossbauer.jpg] Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Technical University Munich, Federal Republic of Germany; California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1915 d. 1990 b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" [landau.jpg] Lev Davidovich Landau USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR b. 1908 d. 1968 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [wigner.jpg] [mayer.jpg] [jensen.jpg] Eugene Paul Wigner Maria Goeppert-Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USA Federal Republic of Germany Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA University of California La Jolla, CA, USA University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1902 (in Budapest, Hungary) d. 1995 b. 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany) d. 1972 b. 1907 d. 1973 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" [townes.jpg] [basov.jpg] [prokhorov.jpg] Charles Hard Townes Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USSR USSR Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk Moscow, USSR Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk Moscow, USSR b. 1915 b. 1922 d. 2001 b. 1916 d. 2002 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" [tomonaga.jpg] [schwinger.jpg] [feynman.jpg] Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard P. Feynman [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize Japan USA USA Tokyo University of Education Tokyo, Japan Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1906 d. 1979 b. 1918 d. 1994 b. 1918 d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" [kastler.jpg] Alfred Kastler France École Normale Supérieure Paris, France b. 1902 d. 1984 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" [bethe.jpg] Hans Albrecht Bethe USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1906 (in Strasbourg, then Germany) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" [alvarez.jpg] Luis Walter Alvarez USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1911 d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" [gell-mann.jpg] Murray Gell-Mann USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" [alfven.jpg] [neel.jpg] Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Louis Eugène Félix Néel [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Sweden France Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden University of Grenoble Grenoble, France b. 1908 d. 1995 b. 1904 d. 2000 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 "for his invention and development of the holographic method" [gabor.jpg] Dennis Gabor United Kingdom Imperial College London, United Kingdom b. 1900 (in Budapest, Hungary) d. 1979 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" [bardeen.jpg] [cooper.jpg] [schrieffer.jpg] John Bardeen Leon Neil Cooper John Robert Schrieffer [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Brown University Providence, RI, USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA b. 1908 d. 1991 b. 1930 b. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" [esaki.jpg] [giaever.jpg] [josephson.jpg] Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian David Josephson [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Japan USA United Kingdom IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY, USA General Electric Company Schenectady, NY, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1925 b. 1929 (in Bergen, Norway) b. 1940 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" [ryle.jpg] [hewish.jpg] Sir Martin Ryle Antony Hewish [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1918 d. 1984 b. 1924 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" [bohr.jpg] [mottelson.jpg] [rainwater.jpg] Aage Niels Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson Leo James Rainwater [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize Denmark Denmark USA Niels Bohr Institute Copenhagen, Denmark Nordita Copenhagen, Denmark Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1922 b. 1926 (in Chicago, IL, USA) b. 1917 d. 1986 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" [richter.jpg] [ting.jpg] Burton Richter Samuel Chao Chung Ting [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford, CA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1931 b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [anderson.jpg] [mott.jpg] [vleck.jpg] Philip Warren Anderson Sir Nevill Francis Mott John Hasbrouck van Vleck [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA United Kingdom USA Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1923 b. 1905 d. 1996 b. 1899 d. 1980 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" [kapitsa.jpg] [penzias.jpg] [wilson.jpg] Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USSR USA USA Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ, USA Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ, USA b. 1894 d. 1984 b. 1933 (in Munich, Germany) b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" [glashow.jpg] [salam.jpg] [weinberg.jpg] Sheldon Lee Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Pakistan USA Harvard University, Lyman Laboratory Cambridge, MA, USA International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste, Italy; Imperial College London, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1932 b. 1926 d. 1996 b. 1933 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [cronin.jpg] [fitch.jpg] James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1931 b. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" [bloembergen.jpg] [schawlow.jpg] [siegbahn.jpg] Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Leonard Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Sweden Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden b. 1920 (in Dordrecht, the Netherlands) b. 1921 d. 1999 b. 1918 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" [wilson.jpg] Kenneth G. Wilson USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" [chandrasekhar.jpg] [fowler.jpg] Subramanyan Chandrasekhar William Alfred Fowler [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1910 (in Lahore, India) d. 1995 b. 1911 d. 1995 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" [rubbia.jpg] [meer.jpg] Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Italy the Netherlands CERN Geneva, Switzerland CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1934 b. 1925 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" [klitzing.jpg] Klaus von Klitzing Federal Republic of Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1943 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" [ruska.jpg] [binnig.jpg] [rohrer.jpg] Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland b. 1906 d. 1988 b. 1947 b. 1933 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" [bednorz.jpg] [muller.jpg] J. Georg Bednorz K. Alexander Müller [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland b. 1950 b. 1927 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" [lederman.jpg] [schwartz.jpg] [steinberger.jpg] Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, IL, USA Digital Pathways, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1922 b. 1932 b. 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, Germany) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" "for the development of the ion trap technique" [ramsey.jpg] [dehmelt.jpg] [paul.jpg] Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USA Federal Republic of Germany Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA University of Bonn Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1915 b. 1922 (in Görlitz, Germany) b. 1913 d. 1993 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" [friedman.jpg] [kendall.jpg] [taylor.jpg] Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall Richard E. Taylor [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA b. 1930 b. 1926 d. 1999 b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" [gennes.jpg] Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France Collège de France Paris, France b. 1932 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" [charpak.jpg] Georges Charpak France École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Paris, France; CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1924 (in Dabrovica, Poland) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [hulse.jpg] [taylor.jpg] Russell A. Hulse Joseph H. Taylor Jr. [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1950 b. 1941 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" [brockhouse.jpg] [shull.jpg] Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Canada USA McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1918 b. 1915 d. 2001 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" "for the discovery of the tau lepton" "for the detection of the neutrino" [perl.jpg] [reines.jpg] Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA University of California Irvine, CA, USA b. 1927 b. 1918 d. 1998 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" [lee.jpg] [osheroff.jpg] [richardson.jpg] David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1931 b. 1945 b. 1937 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" [chu.jpg] [cohen-tannoudji.jpg] [phillips.jpg] Steven Chu Claude Cohen-Tannoudji William D. Phillips [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA France USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Collège de France; École Normale Supérieure Paris, France National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, USA b. 1948 b. 1933 (in Constantine, Algeria) b. 1948 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" [laughlin.jpg] [stormer.jpg] [tsui.jpg] Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1950 b. 1949 b. 1939 (in Henan, China) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" [thooft.jpg] [veltman.jpg] Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands Utrecht University Utrecht, the Netherlands Bilthoven, the Netherlands b. 1946 b. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 "for basic work on information and communication technology" "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" [alferov.jpg] [kroemer.jpg] [kilby.jpg] Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Russia Federal Republic of Germany USA A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute St. Petersburg, Russia University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA Texas Instruments Dallas, TX, USA b. 1930 b. 1928 b. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" [cornell.jpg] [ketterle.jpg] [wieman.jpg] Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany USA University of Colorado, JILA Boulder, CO, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA University of Colorado, JILA Boulder, CO, USA b. 1961 b. 1957 b. 1951 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" [davis.jpg] [koshiba.jpg] [giacconi.jpg] Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Japan USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan Associated Universities Inc. Washington, DC, USA b. 1914 b. 1926 b. 1931 (in Genoa, Italy) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" [rontgen.jpg] Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany Munich University Munich, Germany b. 1845 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" [davis.jpg] [koshiba.jpg] [giacconi.jpg] Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Japan USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan Associated Universities Inc. Washington, DC, USA b. 1914 b. 1926 b. 1931 (in Genoa, Italy) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" [rontgen.jpg] Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany Munich University Munich, Germany b. 1845 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" [lorentz.jpg] [zeeman.jpg] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands Leiden University Leiden, the Netherlands Amsterdam University Amsterdam, the Netherlands b. 1853 d. 1928 b. 1865 d. 1943 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" [becquerel.jpg] [pierre-curie.jpg] [marie-curie.jpg] Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie, née Sklodowska [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize France France France École Polytechnique Paris, France École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry) Paris, France b. 1852 d. 1908 b. 1859 d. 1906 b. 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland) d. 1934 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" [strutt.jpg] Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) United Kingdom Royal Institution of Great Britain London, United Kingdom b. 1842 d. 1919 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 "for his work on cathode rays" [lenard.jpg] Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany Kiel University Kiel, Germany b. 1862 (in Pressburg, then Austria-Hungary) d. 1947 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" [thomson.jpg] Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1856 d. 1940 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" [michelson.jpg] Albert Abraham Michelson USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA b. 1852 (in Strelno, then Germany) d. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" [lippmann.jpg] Gabriel Lippmann France Sorbonne University Paris, France b. 1845 (in Hollerich, Luxembourg) d. 1921 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" [marconi.jpg] [braun.jpg] Guglielmo Marconi Karl Ferdinand Braun [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Italy Germany Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd. London, United Kingdom Strasbourg University Strasbourg, Alsace, then Germany b. 1874 d. 1937 b. 1850 d. 1918 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" [waals.jpg] Johannes Diderik van der Waals the Netherlands Amsterdam University Amsterdam, the Netherlands b. 1837 d. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" [wien.jpg] Wilhelm Wien Germany Würzburg University Würzburg, Germany b. 1864 d. 1928 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys" [dalen.jpg] Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co. Lidingö-Stockholm, Sweden b. 1869 d. 1937 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" [onnes.jpg] Heike Kamerlingh Onnes the Netherlands Leiden University Leiden, the Netherlands b. 1853 d. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals" [laue.jpg] Max von Laue Germany Frankfurt-on-the-Main University Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany b. 1879 d. 1960 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" [wh-bragg.jpg] [wl-bragg.jpg] Sir William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom United Kingdom London University London, United Kingdom Victoria University Manchester, United Kingdom b. 1862 d. 1942 b. 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia) d. 1971 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements" [barkla.jpg] Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom Edinburgh University Edinburgh, United Kingdom b. 1877 d. 1944 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta" [planck.jpg] Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck Germany Berlin University Berlin, Germany b. 1858 d. 1947 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" [stark.jpg] Johannes Stark Germany Greifswald University Greifswald, Germany b. 1874 d. 1957 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" [guillaume.jpg] Charles Edouard Guillaume Switzerland Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) Sèvres, France b. 1861 d. 1938 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" [einstein.jpg] Albert Einstein Germany and Switzerland Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik Berlin, Germany b. 1879 (in Ulm, Germany) d. 1955 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" [bohr.jpg] Niels Henrik David Bohr Denmark Copenhagen University Copenhagen, Denmark b. 1885 d. 1962 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" [millikan.jpg] Robert Andrews Millikan USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1868 d. 1953 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" [siegbahn.jpg] Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden b. 1886 d. 1978 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" [franck.jpg] [hertz.jpg] James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Germany Germany Goettingen University Goettingen, Germany Halle University Halle, Germany b. 1882 d. 1964 b. 1887 d. 1975 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" [perrin.jpg] Jean Baptiste Perrin France Sorbonne University Paris, France b. 1870 d. 1942 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 "for his discovery of the effect named after him" "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" [compton.jpg] [wilson.jpg] Arthur Holly Compton Charles Thomson Rees Wilson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA United Kingdom University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1892 d. 1962 b. 1869 (in Glencorse, Scotland) d. 1959 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" [richardson.jpg] Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom London University London, United Kingdom b. 1879 d. 1959 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" [broglie.jpg] Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré Paris, France b. 1892 d. 1987 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" [raman.jpg] Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India Calcutta University Calcutta, India b. 1888 d. 1970 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1931 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" [heisenberg.jpg] Werner Karl Heisenberg Germany Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany b. 1901 d. 1976 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" [schrodinger.jpg] [dirac.jpg] Erwin Schrödinger Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Austria United Kingdom Berlin University Berlin, Germany University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1887 d. 1961 b. 1902 d. 1984 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1934 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 "for the discovery of the neutron" [chadwick.jpg] James Chadwick United Kingdom Liverpool University Liverpool, United Kingdom b. 1891 d. 1974 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" "for his discovery of the positron" [hess.jpg] [anderson.jpg] Victor Franz Hess Carl David Anderson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Austria USA Innsbruck University Innsbruck, Austria California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1883 d. 1964 b. 1905 d. 1991 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" [davisson.jpg] [thomson.jpg] Clinton Joseph Davisson George Paget Thomson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA United Kingdom Bell Telephone Laboratories New York, NY, USA London University London, United Kingdom b. 1881 d. 1958 b. 1892 d. 1975 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" [fermi.jpg] Enrico Fermi Italy Rome University Rome, Italy b. 1901 d. 1954 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" [lawrence.jpg] Ernest Orlando Lawrence USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1901 d. 1958 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" [stern.jpg] Otto Stern USA Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh, PA, USA b. 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany) d. 1969 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" [rabi.jpg] Isidor Isaac Rabi USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1898 (in Rymanow, then Austria-Hungary) d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" [pauli.jpg] Wolfgang Pauli Austria Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1900 d. 1958 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics" [bridgman.jpg] Percy Williams Bridgman USA Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1882 d. 1961 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" [appleton.jpg] Sir Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom Department of Scientific and Industrial Research London, United Kingdom b. 1892 d. 1965 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" [blackett.jpg] Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom Victoria University Manchester, United Kingdom b. 1897 d. 1974 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" [yukawa.jpg] Hideki Yukawa Japan Kyoto Imperial University Kyoto, Japan; Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1907 d. 1981 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" [powell.jpg] Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom Bristol University Bristol, United Kingdom b. 1903 d. 1969 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" [cockcroft.jpg] [walton.jpg] Sir John Douglas Cockcroft Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom Ireland Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell, Berkshire, United Kingdom Trinity College Dublin, Ireland b. 1897 d. 1967 b. 1903 d. 1995 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" [bloch.jpg] [purcell.jpg] Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1905 (in Zurich, Switzerland) d. 1983 b. 1912 d. 1997 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" [zernike.jpg] Frits (Frederik) Zernike the Netherlands Groningen University Groningen, the Netherlands b. 1888 d. 1966 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" [born.jpg] [bothe.jpg] Max Born Walther Bothe [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom Federal Republic of Germany Edinburgh University Edinburgh, United Kingdom University of Heidelberg; Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1882 (in Breslau, then Germany) d. 1970 b. 1891 d. 1957 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" [lamb.jpg] [kusch.jpg] Willis Eugene Lamb Polykarp Kusch [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1913 b. 1911 (in Blankenburg, then Germany) d. 1993 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" [shockley.jpg] [bardeen.jpg] [brattain.jpg] William Bradford Shockley John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA b. 1910 (in London, United Kingdom) d. 1989 b. 1908 d. 1991 b. 1902 d. 1987 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" [yang.jpg] [lee.jpg] Chen Ning Yang Tsung-Dao Lee [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize China China Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, NJ, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1922 b. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" [cerenkov.jpg] [frank.jpg] [tamm.jpg] Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USSR USSR USSR Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR University of Moscow; Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR University of Moscow; Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR b. 1904 d. 1990 b. 1908 d. 1990 b. 1895 d. 1971 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton" [segre.jpg] [chamberlain.jpg] Emilio Gino Segrè Owen Chamberlain [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1905 (in Tivoli, Italy) d. 1989 b. 1920 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 "for the invention of the bubble chamber" [glaser.jpg] Donald Arthur Glaser USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1926 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons" "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" [hofstadter.jpg] [mossbauer.jpg] Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Technical University Munich, Federal Republic of Germany; California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1915 d. 1990 b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" [landau.jpg] Lev Davidovich Landau USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR b. 1908 d. 1968 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [wigner.jpg] [mayer.jpg] [jensen.jpg] Eugene Paul Wigner Maria Goeppert-Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USA Federal Republic of Germany Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA University of California La Jolla, CA, USA University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1902 (in Budapest, Hungary) d. 1995 b. 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany) d. 1972 b. 1907 d. 1973 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" [townes.jpg] [basov.jpg] [prokhorov.jpg] Charles Hard Townes Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USSR USSR Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk Moscow, USSR Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk Moscow, USSR b. 1915 b. 1922 d. 2001 b. 1916 d. 2002 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" [tomonaga.jpg] [schwinger.jpg] [feynman.jpg] Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard P. Feynman [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize Japan USA USA Tokyo University of Education Tokyo, Japan Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1906 d. 1979 b. 1918 d. 1994 b. 1918 d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" [kastler.jpg] Alfred Kastler France École Normale Supérieure Paris, France b. 1902 d. 1984 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" [bethe.jpg] Hans Albrecht Bethe USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1906 (in Strasbourg, then Germany) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" [alvarez.jpg] Luis Walter Alvarez USA University of California Berkeley, CA, USA b. 1911 d. 1988 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" [gell-mann.jpg] Murray Gell-Mann USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" [alfven.jpg] [neel.jpg] Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Louis Eugène Félix Néel [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Sweden France Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden University of Grenoble Grenoble, France b. 1908 d. 1995 b. 1904 d. 2000 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 "for his invention and development of the holographic method" [gabor.jpg] Dennis Gabor United Kingdom Imperial College London, United Kingdom b. 1900 (in Budapest, Hungary) d. 1979 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" [bardeen.jpg] [cooper.jpg] [schrieffer.jpg] John Bardeen Leon Neil Cooper John Robert Schrieffer [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Brown University Providence, RI, USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA b. 1908 d. 1991 b. 1930 b. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" [esaki.jpg] [giaever.jpg] [josephson.jpg] Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian David Josephson [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Japan USA United Kingdom IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY, USA General Electric Company Schenectady, NY, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1925 b. 1929 (in Bergen, Norway) b. 1940 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" [ryle.jpg] [hewish.jpg] Sir Martin Ryle Antony Hewish [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize United Kingdom United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1918 d. 1984 b. 1924 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" [bohr.jpg] [mottelson.jpg] [rainwater.jpg] Aage Niels Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson Leo James Rainwater [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize Denmark Denmark USA Niels Bohr Institute Copenhagen, Denmark Nordita Copenhagen, Denmark Columbia University New York, NY, USA b. 1922 b. 1926 (in Chicago, IL, USA) b. 1917 d. 1986 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" [richter.jpg] [ting.jpg] Burton Richter Samuel Chao Chung Ting [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford, CA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1931 b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [anderson.jpg] [mott.jpg] [vleck.jpg] Philip Warren Anderson Sir Nevill Francis Mott John Hasbrouck van Vleck [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA United Kingdom USA Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1923 b. 1905 d. 1996 b. 1899 d. 1980 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" [kapitsa.jpg] [penzias.jpg] [wilson.jpg] Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USSR USA USA Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ, USA Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ, USA b. 1894 d. 1984 b. 1933 (in Munich, Germany) b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" [glashow.jpg] [salam.jpg] [weinberg.jpg] Sheldon Lee Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Pakistan USA Harvard University, Lyman Laboratory Cambridge, MA, USA International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste, Italy; Imperial College London, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1932 b. 1926 d. 1996 b. 1933 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [cronin.jpg] [fitch.jpg] James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1931 b. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" [bloembergen.jpg] [schawlow.jpg] [siegbahn.jpg] Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Leonard Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Sweden Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden b. 1920 (in Dordrecht, the Netherlands) b. 1921 d. 1999 b. 1918 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" [wilson.jpg] Kenneth G. Wilson USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1936 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" [chandrasekhar.jpg] [fowler.jpg] Subramanyan Chandrasekhar William Alfred Fowler [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1910 (in Lahore, India) d. 1995 b. 1911 d. 1995 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" [rubbia.jpg] [meer.jpg] Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Italy the Netherlands CERN Geneva, Switzerland CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1934 b. 1925 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" [klitzing.jpg] Klaus von Klitzing Federal Republic of Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1943 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" [ruska.jpg] [binnig.jpg] [rohrer.jpg] Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland b. 1906 d. 1988 b. 1947 b. 1933 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" [bednorz.jpg] [muller.jpg] J. Georg Bednorz K. Alexander Müller [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland b. 1950 b. 1927 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" [lederman.jpg] [schwartz.jpg] [steinberger.jpg] Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, IL, USA Digital Pathways, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1922 b. 1932 b. 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, Germany) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" "for the development of the ion trap technique" [ramsey.jpg] [dehmelt.jpg] [paul.jpg] Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize USA USA Federal Republic of Germany Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA University of Bonn Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany b. 1915 b. 1922 (in Görlitz, Germany) b. 1913 d. 1993 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" [friedman.jpg] [kendall.jpg] [taylor.jpg] Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall Richard E. Taylor [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA b. 1930 b. 1926 d. 1999 b. 1929 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" [gennes.jpg] Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France Collège de France Paris, France b. 1932 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" [charpak.jpg] Georges Charpak France École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Paris, France; CERN Geneva, Switzerland b. 1924 (in Dabrovica, Poland) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [hulse.jpg] [taylor.jpg] Russell A. Hulse Joseph H. Taylor Jr. [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1950 b. 1941 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" [brockhouse.jpg] [shull.jpg] Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Canada USA McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1918 b. 1915 d. 2001 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" "for the discovery of the tau lepton" "for the detection of the neutrino" [perl.jpg] [reines.jpg] Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA University of California Irvine, CA, USA b. 1927 b. 1918 d. 1998 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" [lee.jpg] [osheroff.jpg] [richardson.jpg] David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA b. 1931 b. 1945 b. 1937 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" [chu.jpg] [cohen-tannoudji.jpg] [phillips.jpg] Steven Chu Claude Cohen-Tannoudji William D. Phillips [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA France USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Collège de France; École Normale Supérieure Paris, France National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, USA b. 1948 b. 1933 (in Constantine, Algeria) b. 1948 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" [laughlin.jpg] [stormer.jpg] [tsui.jpg] Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany USA Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA b. 1950 b. 1949 b. 1939 (in Henan, China) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" [thooft.jpg] [veltman.jpg] Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands Utrecht University Utrecht, the Netherlands Bilthoven, the Netherlands b. 1946 b. 1931 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 "for basic work on information and communication technology" "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" [alferov.jpg] [kroemer.jpg] [kilby.jpg] Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize Russia Federal Republic of Germany USA A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute St. Petersburg, Russia University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA Texas Instruments Dallas, TX, USA b. 1930 b. 1928 b. 1923 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" [cornell.jpg] [ketterle.jpg] [wieman.jpg] Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize [third.gif] 1/3 of the prize USA Federal Republic of Germany USA University of Colorado, JILA Boulder, CO, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA University of Colorado, JILA Boulder, CO, USA b. 1961 b. 1957 b. 1951 [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" [davis.jpg] [koshiba.jpg] [giacconi.jpg] Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [quarter.gif] 1/4 of the prize [half.gif] 1/2 of the prize USA Japan USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan Associated Universities Inc. Washington, DC, USA b. 1914 b. 1926 b. 1931 (in Genoa, Italy) [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif] [pixel.gif]